托福口语突破高分的技巧,注重表达

发布日期:2018-06-08 12:19 本文摘要:托福口语突破高分的技巧,注重表达很多同学都会很困惑,为什么自己的阅读和听力在老师的指导下和自己勤奋的日夜刷题的题海战术中不断取得自信,但是口语还是无情的在真实的考场中被虐;为什么自己在每日的训练中已经能在表述答案时做到流畅自然,但分数还是

  托福口语突破高分的技巧,注重表达很多同学都会很困惑,为什么自己的阅读和听力在老师的指导下和自己勤奋的日夜刷题的题海战术中不断取得自信,但是口语还是无情的在真实的考场中被“虐”;为什么自己在每日的训练中已经能在表述答案时做到流畅自然,但分数还是不能像其他科目一样得到高分;为什么已经每天跑到湖边疯狂地用英文呐喊,老师还是说自己的口语有问题?

  本文中,闪电英语的专家想要着重强调的是中国考生在托福口语中面对问题。一是表达思想空洞,没有具体的例子和细节支持,二是缺乏连贯性,三是词汇使用不当。

  1、表达思想空洞

  首先,中国学生在用英语表达的时候,论点有余,但是支持论点的例子和原因显得严重不足,因此,整篇表达听上去十分干涩,不够丰满。例如,当一个中国学生想要表达他非常喜欢一部电影的时候,他可能会不断地罗列他的论点而无法去挖掘、发展他的观点,他会说“I love this movie, and I think it is amazing. No one loves the movie like I do; it is so good and I think it is the best film in this world.”这样的表达即使用最漂亮的发音呈现出来也显得苍白无力。甚至有的同学将托福口语题目中常出现的一句话“Use specific details and examples to support your opinion.”当作一句没用的话,殊不知这正是托福口语考试希望同学们做的,用充分的事实去展开。一个建议的版本可以是这样的,如果想表达很喜欢Forrest Gump《阿甘正传》这部电影,可以说:“I love this movie because I can learn something about America’s history. For example,I know the lost generation and Watergate scandal through this movie. People living in United States start doubting the policy of government, and of course, how the Vietnam War affected American people’s lives. People want to change their attitudes to the war, and look for their own freedom and democracy. So I can have the opportunity to enrich my knowledge concerning this through this masterpiece.”

  笔者第一次看就爱上了这部片子,因为这是一部非常“有文化”的电影。导演将美国重要的历史事件默默的安排在阿甘的经历中,通过时代的变迁反映出美国在各个时期的特征和美国年轻人的追求。如果考生可以用“迷失的一代”,“水门事件”,“越战”来举例,rater马上就明白我喜欢这部电影的原因了,而且通过这些美国人耳熟能详的例子也体现出考生满腹经纶,是一个非常了解美国历史和文化的优秀考生。

  再举一例,比如谈到一所好的大学需要具备什么样的特点这道题时,会说“The university has a good library.”或“The university has numerous trees.”就此停止了,而没能有理有据地展开。

  正确的表述比如:“My university has a good library, and it is one of the largest and most valuable research libraries in China. It has about 6 million items in its collection, including over 2 million books and pamphlets and thousands of charts, engravings, manus, map and so forth. The library’s half million manu collection reflects different aspects of Chinese life and culture. And the library has grown so large that it could no longer be housed in one building. Two more buildings were built to accommodate the ever increasing collection in the library. Also, the library is computerized, so students can research the information or E-book freely when the professor assigns the new homework, which makes the use of the library a pleasant experience.”

  要想避免表达思想内容空洞就可以按照上面大学图书馆一例来把自己的想法展开。具体要细化到什么程度还是由考生自己决定,不过强烈建议考生可以根据自己的生活经验和真实的感受(比如真的对自己学校的图书馆)进行客观的评价,而不是在考场中随性的编造例子,毕竟编造的内容是你临时想的,你也不能确定你的创造是否能hold住45秒的答题时间,反而自己真实的感受更容易表达。所以平时对于生活中的素材,或是一些新闻实事合理积累也对话题的展开大有裨益。

  还有就是在举例表达时也必须注意中西文化的差异,很多考生在阐述思想时能把中国文化中普遍认同的东西表达出来,却没有能够把中国人为何普遍认同这种东西其背后的原因和条件讲述出来。因为美国人对其背后的原因和条件一无所知,就很难明白你想表达的思想观点,甚至会认为你所表达的观点是荒唐的。比如说,一个学生在谈到在中国用什么交通工具最好这一问题时,阐述了这一观点“Only the very wealthy people can afford to buy a car.”为了使美国人真正理解这句话,就必须按下面的方法来交代原因和条件:The living standard in China is still not very high. The average monthly income per person even in large and affluent cities is about 200 U. S. dollars. This income is just enough to cover the family expenses, without any money left for savings. Furthermore, cars in China are far more expensive than in the United States. The cheapest car in China would be about 10,000 dollars. Very few Chinese people can save enough to purchase a car, not to mention the cost of car maintenance.

  从此例可以看出在表达思想时一定要把支持这一观点的事实和条件列出来,即使是众人皆知的原因和条件亦是如此。要避免跨越的思维,造成强逻辑的错误,这是西方人在表达思想时与中国人的不同之处。在中国,一个人下结论时,如果别人听不懂,往往这个听不懂的人会被看作无知,而下结论的人被认为是有高深学问和深刻语言能力的,这也是我国强调“博学”的体现;而美式思维更强调推理能力,即如何自圆其说。即有时候我的观点与你所知的观点有些许不同,甚至曾被你认为是错的,但是当你听完我的叙述之后,你发现有道理并被我说服了。有意识的培养自己说理的能力,对于思路的详细扩展有非常积极的影响。

  2、缺乏连贯性

  其次,关于连贯性问题。所谓连贯(Coherence)是指为了使段落便于阅读和理解,段落中的句子应该按某种逻辑顺序排列。同时,各部分内容应该用适当的过渡词语连接起来。连贯性原则要求你把相关的思想、事实、例子和证据有条理地放在一起表达。例如下段文字,读起来显得缺乏条理,不流畅:There are reasons why I like to fish. I enjoy the pull of a big fish at the other end of the line. My enjoyment increases if the fish is in the deep waters of a lake. I don’t like him close to shore among the weeds. The hope of catching a big one lures me to the less-known pools and the cool waters near some hidden rock. I like the quiet under the open sky away from the weekend campers and vacationers.

  如果在上段文字中加入一些恰当的过渡词语等,那效果就大不一样:There are three reasons why I like to fish. First, I enjoy the pull of a big fish at the other end of the line. Moreover, my enjoyment increases if the fish is in the deep waters of a lake, rather than close to shore among the weeds. Second, the hope of catching a big one lures me to the less-known pools and the cool waters near some hidden rock. Finally, I like the quiet under the open sky away from the weekend campers and vacationers.

  有了连接词的答案有了明显的线条,答案非常清晰且有紧凑感。

  例句

  Sample 1

  When we choose a car, we must think about many things. It must be big enough for the number of people we want to carry. It must not cost more than we want to spend. It should be fuel efficient. We want a car that looks good. It can be difficult to find the right car.

  Sample 2

  When we choose a car, we must think about many things. The most important is that it must be big enough for the number of people we want to carry. Additionally, it must not cost more than we want to spend, and it should be fuel efficient. Finally, we want a car that looks good. It can be difficult to find the right car.

  Sample 1是考生们在讲英语时容易犯的毛病。这个毛病就是在表达思想时更注重把观点简单地罗列起来,而不会按照一定的顺序来陈述自己的思想。而Sample 2则是有顺序地把思想表达出来。

  由上面的例子可以得出,语言的连贯与否是评价新托福考试中考生的表达优劣的重要标准。ETS的考官在与朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家的交流中,明确说明了transitional words在答案中的重要性。熟练、有效的使用连接词能将答案进行明确的规划和梳理,使答案充满层次感,这也是评分标准中Topic development要求的重要体现。

  3、词汇使用不当

  最后,在表述思想这一块就要注意词汇的使用了。词汇是语言的基本组成部分,误用、乱用很容易造成rater很难清楚地明白考生想表达的思想。

  如果笼统地说中国学生的英语能力不强是因为英文词汇量不够而造成的,这是不符合事实的,其实中国学生的词汇量仅从数量上来说,是完全够用的,甚至比一般美国人还多。问题依然存在的原因,集中表现在以下几个方面:

  (1) 掌握的常常是一些太过书面语的词汇,或者说大都是较为书面的词汇,不符合口语特点。新托福口语更注重简单单词的一词多用和灵活变化的搭配。所以,需要大量补充口语词汇并且熟悉常见词的用法才能有效地使用已经掌握的词汇。

  (2) 扩充词汇的方法有误。有的考生背单词只是一味地注意它们的拼写,而不注意它们的发音,所以导致只有看到了某一个词的词形,才能反应出这个词的词义或语义,或是干脆为自己的哑巴英语或是带有口音的英语埋下了伏笔。而另一方面的结果就是很多考生觉得自己的阅读能力尚可,而听力、口语能力很差,因为对词形的反应比对语音的反应要强很多。而听力和口语恰恰需要的就是语音和语意的条件反应和连接能力。

  (3) 重单词,轻搭配。笔者在教学中也经常发现这样的同学。他们说:我的词汇量有6000,为什么英语还是那么差?我们感受最深的是许多词汇是输入型词汇(passive words), 即那些只有在阅读中遇到才被唤起意义的词汇。而考生们对那些在听、说、写时能灵活运用的输出型词汇(active words)储备的并不丰富,像那些有多重意义和多种用法的词汇,例如take / get / do / make / alter等这些基本上万能的词,考生虽然认得,但运用能力却极差。所以这也显示出了中国学生在扩充词汇时,往往“重单词,轻搭配”。而口语中经常使用的就是上述小词的灵活搭配。所以朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家建议考生们平时不要忽略对英语口语常见搭配的掌握。笔者在后文附上了《American Heritage Word Frequency Book》关于日常会话中最常见的词汇表。

  当然,在真实的口语考试中,自己的表现和真实的口语分数还受许多其他因素的影响,比如考生当时的发挥状态,考场情况等客观条件。还有一些主观条件比如自己的语音受到了地方方言的干扰,造成发音不够清晰;语调不够自然,较为僵硬地在每个句子中都使用了几乎相同的语调;又或是在表述中存在口头禅或是较多不自然的停顿,这些都会影响到rater对于考生的整体印象从而导致失分。但是从语言的表达上看,如果能够避免表述笼统,不够连贯和词汇误用的错误,也是可以弥补上述提到的不足,从而拿到自己较为满意的分数的。

  附表:下面列出的就是根据《American Heritage Word Frequency Book》的统计数据,人们在的日常会话中最常用的100个词,这些词都是中国学生初中就已经熟悉的词汇:

  the, of, and, a, to, in, is, you, that, it, he, for, was, on, are, as, with, his, they, at, be, this, from, I, have, or, by, one, had, not, but, what, all, were, when, we, there, can, an, your, which, their, said, if, do, will, each, about, how, up, out, them, then, she, many, some, so, these, would, other, into, has, more, her, two, like, him, see, time, could, no, make, than, first, been, its, who, now, people, my, made, over, did, down, only, way, find, use, may, water, long, little, very, after, words, called, just, where, most, know.

  另外,较常用的100个词汇为:

  Get, though, back, much, before, go, good, new, write, our, used, me, man, too, any, day, same, right, look, think, also, around, another, came, come, work, three, word, must, because, does, part, even, place, well, such, here, take, why, things, help, put, years, different, away, again, off, went, old, number, great, tell, men, say, small, every, found, still, between, name, should, Mr., home, big, give, air, line, set, own, under, read, last, never, us, left, end, along, while, might, next, sound, below, saw, something, thought, both, few, those, always.

  最常用的100个动词为:

  accept, allow, ask, believe, borrow, break, bring, buy, can/be able, cancel, change, clean, comb, complain, cough, count, cut, dance, draw, drink, drive, eat, explain, fall, fill, find, finish, fit, fix, fly, forget, give, go, have, hear, hurt, know, learn, leave, listen, live, look, lose, make/do, need, open, pay, play, put, rain, read, reply, run, say, see, sell, send, sign, sing, sit, sleep, smoke, speak, spell, spend, stand, start/begin, study, succeed, swim, take, talk, teach, tell, think, translate, travel, try, turn, off, turn, on, type, understand, use, wait, wake, up, want, watch, work, worry, write.

  从以上词汇可以看出英美人士在日常会话中所使用的词汇都是一些十分简单的词汇,并没有用很多大词。所以在此再次提醒考生们在准备新托福口语的词汇部分时,将重点放在一些简单的词汇和相应的搭配上。对于一些简单词汇要尽量熟识,吃透它们,这对于真正做到流利表达至关重要。