2018年6月2日雅思考试题目预测(2)

　　

Weak tendencies, in contrast, are explained by the idiosyncrasies of different languages. Evans and Levinson argue that many aspects of the particular natural history of a population may affect its language. For instance, Andy Butcher at Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia, has observed that indigenous Australian children have by far the highest incidence of chronic middle-ear infection of any population on the planet, and that most indigenous Australian languages lack many sounds that are common in other languages, but which are hard to hear with a middle-ear infection. Whether this condition has shaped the sound systems of these languages is unknown, says Evans, but it is important to consider the idea.

　　

 

　　Levinson and Evans are not the first to question the theory of universal grammar, but no one has summarised these ideas quite as persuasively, and given them as much reach. As a result, their arguments have generated widespread enthusiasm, particularly among those linguists who are tired of trying to squeeze their findings into the straitjacket of ‘absolute universals’. To some, it is the final nail in UG’s coffin. Michael Tomasello, co-director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, has been a long-standing critic of the idea that all languages conform to a set of rules. Universal grammar is dead, he says.

　　 

　　*a unit of sound

　　

 

　　

Questions 27-40

　　

Questions 27-32

　　

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

　　

Write

　　

YES                     if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

　　

NO                     if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

　　

NOT GIVEN     if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

　　

 

　　

27     In the final decades of the twentieth century, a single theory of language learning was dominant.

　　

28     The majority of UG rules proposed by linguists do apply to all human languages.

　　

29     There is disagreement amongst linguists about an aspect of Straits Salish grammar.

　　

30     The search for new universal language rules has largely ended.

　　

31     If Evans and Levinson are right, people develop in the same way no matter what language they speak.

　　

32     The loss of any single language might have implications for the human race. 

　　

 

　　

Questions 33-37

　　

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

　　

33     Which of the following views about language are held by Evans and Levinson?

　　

A      Each of the world’s languages develops independently.

　　

B      he differences between languages outweigh the similarities.

　　

C      Only a few language features are universal.

　　

D     Each language is influenced by the characteristics of other languages.

　　

 

　　

34     According to Evans and Levinson, apparent similarities between languages could be due to

　　

A       close social contact.

　　

B       faulty analysis.

　　

C       shared modes of perception.

　　

D      narrow descriptive systems.

　　

 

　　

35     In the eighth paragraph, what does the reference to a middle-ear infection serve as?

　　

A      A justification for something.

　　

B      A contrast with something.

　　

C       The possible cause of something.

　　

D      The likely result of something.

　　

 

　　

36     What does the writer suggest about Evans’ and Levinson’s theory of language development?

　　

A       It had not been previously considered.

　　

B       It is presented in a convincing way.

　　

C       It has been largely rejected by other linguists.

　　

D      It is not supported by the evidence.

　　

 

　　

37     Which of the following best describes the writer’s purpose?

　　

A To describe progress in the field of cognitive science.

　　

B To defend a long-held view of language learning.

　　

C To identify the similarities between particular languages.

　　

D To outline opposing views concerning the nature of language.

　　

 

　　

Questions 38-40

　　

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.

　　

Write the correct letter, A-E.

　　

38     The Arrernte language breaks a ‘rule’ concerning

　　

39     The Lao language has been identified as lacking

　　

40     It has now been suggested that Amazonia Piraha does not have

　　

A       words of a certain grammatical type.

　　

B       a sequence of sounds predicted by UG.

　　

C       words which can have more than one meaning.

　　

D      the language feature regarded as the most basic.

　　

E       sentences beyond a specified length.

　　 

　　

KEYS:

　　

Passage 1

　　

1

　　

B

　　

此题讲人们对bamboo 的现有认识水平，全篇文章只有B段在讲关于竹认识，竹研究方面的进展，因此对应到B段，B段一开始便提到“.....has revealed just how profound our ignorance of global bamboo resources is, (揭示了我们对全球竹资源的无知有多么深刻)。

　　

2

　　

E

　　

E段提到“some plants ac threatened because they can’t survive in the habitat-they arent strong enough or there aren’t enough of them, perhaps. But bamboo can take care of itself-it strong enough to survive if left alone.”虽未提到more fragile plant,但提到“not strong”，整句是将 bamboo与 more fragile plant 进行了对比。

　　

3

　　

D

　　

此题答案比较容易找到。题目中commercial —词即提醒考生在文 章D段第一句便提到bamboo的economic value,并且D段全段明显在讲 Bamboo的商业价值，商业用途。

　　

4

　　

A

　　

此题答案较隐蔽，但细心阅读也不难找到A段“....resources have come under increasing pressure as populations have exploded and large areas of bamboo forest have been cleared to make way for commercial plantations. ”此句讲人口爆炸式增长且大枇竹林被砍伐，用于商业种 植，此类人类活动造成竹资源面临更大的压力。

　　

5

　　

B

　　

此题较容易，题目中“research”提醒人们找到B段讲竹资源的研 究，B段罗列的数字都能体现迄今为止对竹资源的研究很有限。

　　

6

　　

D

　　

关键要读懂题目的意思，“put sth. into use”将...投 入使用，即如何使用竹资源的例子，即竹子的用途，原文D段便在讲 竹子的各种产品，各种商业用途，如用作“flooring and laminates, paper 等”

　　

7

　　

C

　　

题目意题目意思是：竹子如何帮助其他植物的生存； 仔细阅读后会发现在C段最后一句讲到When these bum, they create patches of open ground. ...Patchiness helps to preserve diversity because certain plant species do better during... 从“preserve”，“certain plant species”，“do better”等字眼， 我们可以确认竹子确能帮助其他植物。

　　

certain

　　

8

　　

B

　　

E段打引号的地方kapos说：In a lot of places, the people who live with bamboo dont perceive it as being under threat in any way. “Perceive sth. as”认为…即有 些人并不认为竹子面临威胁；题目中“regard sth. as”也是认为的意思，“endangered species”濒危物种。此题也是典型的考“paraphrase”,即 换一种说法。

　　

9

　　

A

　　

“place sth. under threat”将某物至于威胁中，“scarcity”稀缺；原文 A段 Ian Redmond,说到：without it, their chances of survival would be reduced significantly.此处it 指代上文bamboo, “their chances of survival”指gorilla的生存机会；与题目表达意思一样。

　　

10

　　

B

　　

调查濒危植物的研究方法有待发展。此题提到“research”自然回到文章B段找答案，B段只有Dr Valerie Kapos讲了一句话“People have only started looking at this during how to go about it systematically.”与题目一致

　　

11

　　

D

　　

题目说对竹子造成最大威胁的是对其生长环“the place it grows in”对应原文E段的habitat —词；并且能找到一句话“What is under threat is its habitat.(生长地，栖息地即面临威胁的 是竹子的生长地，而不是竹子本身，竹子本身是很强壮的，能独自生长，但一旦其生长环境遭到破坏，其将面临威胁。

　　

话“What is under threat is its habitat.境的破坏。“the placc it grows in”对应原文E段的habitat —词；并且能找到一句

　　

话“What is under threat is its habitat.(生长地，栖息地即面临威胁的 是竹子的生长地，而不是竹子本身，竹子本身是很强壮的，能独自生 长，但一旦其生长环境遭到破坏，其将面临威胁。

　　

12

　　

 

　　

Soil erosion

　　

题目中提至“ecological”即回到原文唯有C段提到的the plants ecological role....arc crucial in preventing soil erosion. 竹子能够控制，防止水土流失。

　　

13

　　

Paper

　　

题目提到“bamboo product”，即回到讲此话题的D段找答案。 其中有一句提到 “but one of the fastest growing bamboo products is paper”, “fastest growing”与“market expansion”相对应。

　　

 

　　 

　　

Passage 2

　　 

　　

14

　　

C

　　

 

　　

15

　　

A

　　

 

　　

 

　　

16

　　

B

　　

 

　　

17

　　

B

　　

 

　　

18

　　

C

　　

 

　　

19

　　

A

　　

 

　　

20

　　

C

　　

 

　　

21

　　

B

　　

 

　　

22

　　

A

　　

 

　　

23

　　

brain dead

　　

 

　　

24

　　

sociopathic behavior

　　

 

　　

25

　　

neocortex

　　

 

　　

26

　　

animal propensities

　　

 

　　 

　　

Passage 3

　　

27

　　

Y

　　

PARAGRAPH 1 says that one of the most influential ideas is that of universal grammar which prevailed from the 1960s for the next five decades.

　　

28

　　

N

　　

PARAGRAPH 2 shows that linguists have identified many universal language rules. However, there are almost always exceptions.

　　

29

　　

Y

　　

PARAGRAPH 3 confirms that some linguists are controversial in arguing that languages, such as Straits Salish do not even have distinct nouns or verbs.

　　

30

　　

NG

　　

Although the passage tells us that some linguists are pleased to move away from the search for universal language rules, it does not say if this is a majority of linguists.

　　

31

　　

N

　　

PARAGRAPH 5

　　

The Evans and Levinson ideas suggest that human brains are different depending on the language environment.

　　

32

　　

Y

　　

PARAGRAPH 5

　　

... every time a language becomes extinct, humanity loses an important piece of diversity.

　　

33

　　

A

　　

PARAGRAPH 6

　　

... any given language is a complex system shaped by many factors, including culture, genetics and history.

　　

34

　　

C

　　

PARAGRAPH 7

　　

Linguistic elements may build on human reasoning. We perceive the world in a certain way before we learn to speak.

　　

35

　　

C

　　

PARAGRAPH 8

　　

Notes that middle ear infections are common among indigenous Australian children and their language lacks sounds which would be difficult to hear, given an ear infection. There may be a cause- and-effect relationship here.

　　

36

　　

B

　　

PARAGRAPH 9

　　

Levinson and Evans are not the first to question the theory of universal grammar, but no one has summarised these ideas quite as persuasively,

　　

37

　　

D

　　

The passage compares in an objective manner the differing views of linguists.

　　

38

　　

B

　　

PARAGRAPH 2

　　

... syllables but no CV syllables.

　　

39

　　

A

　　

PARAGRAPH 3

　　

Others, such as Lao ... have no adjectives at all.

　　

40

　　

D

　　

PARAGRAPH 4

　　

Even apparently indisputable universals have been found lacking. This includes recursion ... Amazonian Piraha does not have this quality.

　　

 

　　

【听力】

　　

 

　　Section 1 & Section 2重点场景（生活类）：学科，动物，制作流程，报名申请，旅游住宿。

　　Section 3 & Section 4重点场景（学术类）：师生讨论，学术讲座，作业讨论，论文选题。

　　 

　　Section 1

　　Questions 1-10

　　Complete the form below.

　　Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

　　 

　　

THEATRE ROYAL PLYMOUTH Booking Form

　　

Example

　　

Answer

　　

Performance

　　

The Impostor

　　

Date

　　

Saturday 1 _____

　　

Time

　　

2 _____

　　

Tickets

　　

three adults and one child

　　

Seats in